Lithium batteries, as the most mainstream solution for electrical energy storage at present, are widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, energy storage systems and other fields. Its core value lies in the mutual conversion of chemical energy and electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, and the precise calculation of the stored electricity (usually referring to the remaining capacity or usable electricity) is the key to ensuring the stable operation of equipment and optimizing energy management. This article will start from the working principle of lithium batteries, systematically analyze the calculation method of storage capacity, and explore the technical challenges and optimization strategies in practical applications.

I. The Physical Essence of the Storage Capacity of Lithium Batteries

The storage capacity of lithium batteries is essentially a quantitative reflection of the number of reversible intercalation/deintercalation lithium ions in the electrode materials. Take a typical lithium-ion battery as an example. During the charging and discharging process, lithium ions migrate between the positive electrode material (such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate) and the negative electrode material (such as graphite), accompanied by electrons passing through the external circuit to form a current. The nominal capacity (C) of a battery is usually expressed in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh), indicating the total amount of charge that the battery can release from a full charge to the cut-off voltage under specific discharge conditions (such as 25 ° C environment and a discharge rate of 0.2C).

Core formula

Theoretical capacity Q theory =n×F×3.61

Here, n represents the molar number of reaction electrons, F is the Faraday constant (96485 C/mol), and the unit conversion factor of 1/3.6 converts coulombs to ampere-hours.

Ii. Three Major Technical Paths for Storage Capacity Calculation

Ampere-hour integration method (Coulomb counting method)

This method calculates the change in charge quantity by real-time monitoring of the charging and discharging current and integrating.

Its advantages lie in its simple principle and low implementation cost, but there is a problem of cumulative error. For instance, factors such as accuracy deviation of current sensors and temperature drift can cause the calculated values to gradually deviate from the actual values. Regular corrections need to be made through calibration or in combination with other methods.

2. Open-circuit voltage method (OCV-SOC curve)

There is a nonlinear correspondence between the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the state of charge (SOC) of a battery. By pre-calibrating the OCV-SOC curves under different temperatures and aging conditions, the rapid estimation of SOC can be achieved. However, this method requires the battery to be in a static equilibrium state (left to stand for several hours), and is only suitable for low dynamic scenarios. Moreover, the curve is significantly affected by battery aging.

3. Model-driven approach

Including equivalent circuit models (such as Thevenin model) and electrochemical models. The former simulates the dynamic characteristics of the battery by series resistors, capacitors and other components, while the latter constructs a system of partial differential equations based on theories such as the Porous Electrode Theory. Such methods need to be combined with algorithms such as Kalman filter and particle filter to achieve online parameter identification. Typical cases include:

Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) : Predicts SOC through the state equation, corrects the predicted value by measuring the equation, and effectively suppresses noise interference.

Adaptive algorithm: Dynamically adjust model parameters based on the degree of battery aging to enhance long-term accuracy.

Iii. Key Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Storage Capacity Calculation

1. Ambient temperature

The internal resistance of lithium batteries varies with temperature in a U-shaped curve: low temperatures cause an increase in the viscosity of the electrolyte and a decrease in the migration rate of lithium ions. High temperatures accelerate side reactions, causing irreversible capacity loss. Experiments show that the available capacity at -20℃ may drop to 60% of that at room temperature, while environments above 60℃ will accelerate the thickening of the SEI film.

2. Discharge rate

When discharging at a high rate, the polarization effect of the battery intensifies, and the terminal voltage drops sharply, resulting in a reduction in available capacity. Take 18650 cells as an example. The discharge capacity at 0.5C is about 5% to 8% lower than that at 0.2C, and the reduction at 3C discharge can reach over 20%.

3. Aging effect

Cyclic charging and discharging lead to the loss of active substances, thickening of the SEI film, and collapse of the electrode structure. For every 10% decrease in battery health status (SOH), the available capacity approximately reduces by 8% to 12%. It is necessary to establish a capacity decay model (such as the Arrhenius equation) to predict the lifespan:

Among them, k is the attenuation coefficient and α is the empirical constant.

Iv. Challenges and Solutions in Engineering Practice

1. Initial capacity calibration

New batteries need to undergo standardized charge and discharge cycles (such as 1C charge /1C discharge, three cycles) to activate the materials and determine the actual capacity. For the scenario of secondary utilization of retired power batteries, the remaining capacity needs to be evaluated through pulse charge and discharge tests.

2. Dynamic response optimization

Under transient conditions such as rapid acceleration of electric vehicles, traditional algorithms are prone to SOC estimation lag. The solutions include:

Introduce a lag model to compensate for the polarization effect

Adopt multi-time scale estimation (such as 10ms-level current sampling + 1s-level SOC update)

3. Low-temperature adaptability

Maintain the working temperature through battery heating systems (such as PTC heating films), or develop low-temperature electrolyte additives (such as fluoroethylene carbonate FEC) to improve ionic conductivity.

V. Practical Suggestions for the User End

Avoid deep discharge: Maintaining the SOC within the range of 20% to 80% can extend the cycle life

Regular balancing maintenance: Actively balance the series battery pack to eliminate voltage differences among individual cells

Data-driven management: Train SOC estimation models using historical data recorded by BMS